Abstract: To study the new method of aflatoxin removal by Lactobacillus plantarum materials, it provided a new idea for the efficient biological removal of aflatoxin B1. The utilization of polydopamine-based Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (p-ATRP) and cell-catalyzed copper-free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (c-ATRP) facilitated the surface modification of living cells of Lactobacillus plantarum. This guided the self-assembly polymerization reaction within the ATRP system, resulting in the formation of polymer materials. The study involved the characterization of the modified Lactobacillus plantarum and a comparison of the adsorption and desorption capacities of aflatoxin B₁ by Lactobacillus plantarum before and after modification. Experimental results showed that the adsorption rate of Lactobacillus plantarum for aflatoxin B₁ at concentrations ranging from 0.1~100 μg/mL was 75.3%. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of p-ATRP and c-ATRP modified Lactobacillus plantarum exhibited an increase of 7.8% and 6.4%, respectively, compared to unmodified Lactobacillus plantarum. Additionally, at the same concentration of aflatoxin B₁, the desorption rate of Lactobacillus plantarum was 6.1%, while the desorption capabilities of p-ATRP and c-ATRP modified Lactobacillus plantarum were enhanced by 14.4% and 42%, respectively. Overall, the modified Lactobacillus plantarum demonstrated a significant enhancement in both adsorption and desorption abilities towards aflatoxin.