Abstract: Jujube has a history of being used as both food and herbal medicine in China for thousands of years. Its nutritional value has long been recognized, as it contains various health-promoting bioactive components. Jujube polysaccharides are one of the major bioactive constituents. Extensive studies have shown that jujube polysaccharides exert multiple biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, immune regulatory, anti-fatigue, liver-protective, blood sugar-lowering, and blood lipid-lowering effects, through different or synergistic mechanisms. This article provides an overview of the physicochemical properties and structure-activity relationship of jujube polysaccharides, and summarizes the research progress on the bioactivity and mechanisms of jujube polysaccharides, both domestically and internationally in recent years. Based on these findings, the therapeutic potential of jujube polysaccharides for various diseases is discussed, aiming to provide references for further research and the development of related medicinal treatments involving jujube polysaccharides.