Abstract: The dynamic balance of intestinal flora is one of the important signs of maintaining human health, and the development of many human diseases have been confirmed to be closely related to intestinal flora disorders. Environment is a crucial factor affecting intestinal flora, which can be further divided into conventional environment and extreme environment, however there are few studies on the interrelationship between the extreme environment and the intestinal flora, which is of great significance for the special crowds who work under special environment. Therefore, this article focuses on extreme environment, exploring the changes of human intestinal flora in the plateau, aerospace, navigation and other environments, as well as the regulation of intestinal flora through dietary intervention, in order to provide references for adapting to extreme environments and improving the health of special populations.