Abstract: Nutritional diseases are caused by the imbalance of nutrients, which led to a class or several types of metabolic abnormalities, particularly to the abnormality of lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Thus, the timely measurement of metabolic profiles could help to prevent nutritional diseases. Targeted metabonomics is a powerful approach that simultaneously measures the low-molecular-weight endogenous metabolites, which could characterize the metabolic status of a biological system. This paper had reviewed the progress of targeted metabolomics techniques and their application in exploration of metabolic characteristics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and other nutritional diseases.It was aimed to provide new ideas and theoretical basis for finding effective ways to prevent nutritional diseases.